5-羟色氨酸（2）

5－羟色氨酸

5－羟色氨酸的功能

5－羟色氨酸在人体内用于合成5－羟色胺。5－羟色胺是一种维持机体正常神经和大脑功能的物质。

5－羟色胺在睡眠、情绪控制、疼痛控制、炎症、肠蠕动以及其他机体功能上发挥着重要作用。^[1]

5－羟色氨酸的分布

5－羟色氨酸在一般饮食中摄入的量并不多。人体可以从左旋色氨酸(一种食物蛋白中含量丰富的氨基酸)合成5－羟色氨酸。可是，吃含有左旋色氨酸的食物却不会增加5－羟色氨酸水平。5－羟色氨酸补充剂是从一种西非药用植物的果实加纳籽中提取而来。

5－羟色氨酸认为与以下疾病有关（以下所有信息适用于个体化健康情况）：

哪些人可能会缺乏？

情绪上的紊乱(如抑郁和紧张)认为与大脑内的5－羟色氨酸平衡失调有关^[2]。患有纤维肌痛的病人血中5－羟色氨酸水平含量较低^{[3 4 5]}。5－羟色氨酸补充剂可以提高这些病人5－羟色胺的水平。偏头痛与血液中5－羟色胺功能失常有关^[6]，5－羟色氨酸也可以纠正这一异常。失眠认为与大脑组织内色氨酸缺乏有关^[7]，因此也可以通过补充5－羟色氨酸来纠正。

一般需要多少5－羟色氨酸？

在一项对照试验中发现，每天服用5－羟色氨酸300毫克对于减轻纤维肌痛的症状、包括疼痛、晨僵、睡眠紊乱和焦虑。^[8]

治疗抑郁，每天300毫克通常有效。^{[9 10 11]}睡前服用100毫克的5－羟色氨酸用于提高睡眠的深度和持久性有一定的疗效，这在一项安慰剂对照试验中证实可以治疗失眠。^[12]每天400～600毫克可以减少偏头痛的发生频率和强度。^{[13 14 15 16 17]}对于紧张性头痛，每天服用3次100毫克的5－羟色氨酸可以明显减少止疼药的剂量，但是对于疼痛的强度和持续时间却没有明显改善。^[18]

每天服用600～900毫克会导致食欲下降和体重减轻（平均12周减少11磅）。^{[19 20]}另一项试验中每天服用750毫克的5－羟色氨酸可以减少碳水化合物和脂肪摄入，以达到减肥效果。^[21]

是否有副作用和药物相互作用？

以上的一些临床试验中发现，一些人服用大剂量的5－羟色氨酸会出现胃肠道反应（如恶心），少见的会出现头痛、易困、肌肉疼痛或紧张。一种称为“X 峰”的物质在一些过度服用5－羟色氨酸的人中有一定的含量。^{[22 23 24]}许多研究认为这种物质与1989年色氨酸中毒事件有关。^{[25 26 27]}但是，是否真的是这种物质导致的毒性反应还存在着许多问题无法解答。^{[28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 ]}尽管有两篇文章报道了服用5－羟色氨酸出现了因左旋多巴污染导致的毒性反应症状，^{[36 37]}但是关于5－羟色氨酸或“X峰”的毒性反应还只是推测而已。尽管最近已经鉴定出“X峰”的结构，但是关于这种物质引起毒性反应或疾病的证据还不足。^[38]

在几内亚猪的试验中发现摄入高剂量的5－羟色氨酸会导致肌肉抽搐。^[39]而在老鼠则出现了肌肉抽搐^[40]和腹泻^[41]。给老鼠注射5－羟色氨酸还会引起肾损害^[42]。还没有关于这些症状在人类的报道。血清素综合征是由于过多摄入5－羟色胺出现的一系列症状，但还没有关于服用5－羟色氨酸补充剂出现这一症状的报道^[43]。尽管理论上会出现，但是摄入多少会引起毒性反应还不十分清楚。

5－羟色氨酸不应与抗抑郁药、减肥药、其他5－羟色胺修饰剂或导致肝损害的药物一起服用，因为这些药物会引起5－羟色氨酸作用过度。肝损害的病人不能正常调节5－羟色氨酸，以及那些患有自身免疫疾病的人如硬皮病敏感性更高。^[44]因此，这些病人应该在专业医生的指导下才能服用。怀孕期和哺乳期能否服用5－羟色氨酸还不清楚。

许多药物都与5－羟色氨酸相互作用。参见药物间相互作用章节。

参考文献

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